The modern revival of interest in the Diggers is closely linked to the rediscovery of Gerrard Winstanley. Since the mid-20th century, with early works by David Petegorsky and George Sabine and Christopher Hill’s influential _The World Turned Upside Down_, Winstanley has emerged as a key intellectual figure of the English Revolution. His prose, characterised by its visionary and unique style, has attracted significant attention. However, this focus on Winstanley’s writings has sometimes led to a distortion: the Diggers have often been viewed as the expression of a single author’s ideas, rather than as a collective movement deeply connected to the lived experiences of early modern rural communities.
John Gurney’s book, ‘Brave Community: The Digger Movement in the English Revolution’ (Manchester University Press, 2007), is the first comprehensive modern analysis to address this imbalance. It is more than just a book about the Diggers; it emphasises viewing them as a social group—an active community rooted in specific local contexts, influenced by material factors, and reconstructed through careful archival research. Gurney’s approach makes a significant historiographical contribution: he repositions the Diggers from myth into history and Winstanley from abstraction into his historical context.
The Local Turn: Cobham as Crucible
Gurney’s approach is surprisingly straightforward: start not with Winstanley’s pamphlets but with the parish of Cobham, Surrey. This community, where most active Diggers originated, is seen not just as a setting but as the key landscape necessary to grasp the movement.
Before the Civil War, Cobham’s social structure was characterised by a division between tenants with common rights and those without. Although this difference — rooted in manorial custom — seemed technical, it was crucial in explaining the emergence of the Digger movement at that specific time and place. Access to common land was vital for those living close to subsistence levels. The ongoing enclosure of commons, which began before 1649, threatened not only their livelihoods but also their ability to stay engaged in the local economy.
Gurney shows that the grievances motivating the Diggers were not abrupt outbursts of millenarian fervour. Instead, they reflected long-standing tensions within Cobham’s manorial system, with the Civil War serving as the catalyst and the social crisis fueling their actions.
This local grounding also clarifies why the Diggers received different responses. In Cobham, where many had long-standing community ties, opposition existed but was limited by those bonds. In Walton-on-Thames, where they were outsiders, hostility was more intense and aggressive. Gurney emphasises that “local hostility to the Diggers” is not uniform but exists along a spectrum influenced by factors such as community integration, social familiarity, and the politics of belonging.
Historiographical Appendix: Gurney in Relation to Hill, Reay, Hessayon, and the Modern Scholarship
The historiography of the Diggers has long been dominated by two overlapping traditions: the intellectual biography of Gerrard Winstanley and the broader social history of English Revolution radicalism. John Gurney’s Brave Community intervenes in both, but it does so by shifting the centre of gravity decisively toward local social reconstruction. Its distinctiveness becomes clearest when set against the major scholars who shaped the field.
Christopher Hill: The Diggers as Ideological Vanguard
Christopher Hill’s The World Turned Upside Down (1972) remains the most influential account of English Revolution radicalism. Hill’s Diggers are emblematic of a plebeian utopian impulse, part of a wider ideological ferment unleashed by the collapse of traditional authority. His focus is thematic and intellectual: Winstanley appears as a radical thinker whose ideas crystallise the aspirations of the “poor oppressed people of the land.”
Hill’s achievement was to place Winstanley within a broad culture of popular radicalism. His limitation — one Gurney directly addresses — is that he treated the Diggers as the expression of Winstanley’s thought rather than as a movement with its own social composition, internal tensions, and local determinants. Hill’s Diggers are symbols; Gurney’s are neighbours in Cobham parish.
Barry Reay: The Social History of Radicalism, But Not Yet Localised
Barry Reay’s work, especially The Quakers and the English Revolution (1985) and his essays on plebeian religion, helped shift attention toward the social contexts of radical movements. Reay emphasised the importance of local religious cultures, popular prophecy, and the lived experience of rural communities.
Yet Reay did not undertake the granular reconstruction of the Diggers themselves. His approach is sociological rather than prosopographical. He maps the cultural terrain in which radicalism flourished, but he does not reconstruct the specific communities from which the Diggers emerged. Gurney’s work can be seen as extending Reay’s social-historical sensibility into a far more detailed, parish-level analysis.
Hessayon: Winstanley as Thinker, Textual Tradition as Archive
Dr Ariel Hessayon’s scholarship, especially in Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers, 1649–1999 (2009), offers the most nuanced modern analysis of Winstanley’s intellectual and textual heritage. Hessayon skilfully traces how Winstanley’s writings have been transmitted, received, and reinterpreted over the centuries. His focus is on the history of the texts rather than on the community itself. While Gurney reconstructs the Diggers as social actors, Hessayon depicts Winstanley as a writer, polemicist, and later as a symbol. Both approaches complement each other but serve different purposes: Hessayon explores Winstanley’s afterlives, whereas Gurney focuses on his neighbours.
Petegorsky, Sabine, and the Intellectualist Tradition
Earlier scholars such as David Petegorsky (Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War, 1940) and George Sabine (editor of Winstanley’s works) established the intellectualist tradition that treated Winstanley as a political theorist. Their work was foundational but abstract, largely detached from the social conditions of Surrey. Gurney’s book is, in part, a corrective to this tradition: it insists that Winstanley’s ideas cannot be understood apart from the acute local crisis that produced them.
Where Gurney Stands
Gurney’s Brave Community holds a distinctive place in historiography: it challenges Hill’s view by rejecting the characterisation of the Diggers as mere ideological symbols. Extending beyond Reay, Gurney examines social history at the level of parishes, manors, and households. Like Hessayon, he recognises Winstanley’s intellectual significance but insists that the texts should not overshadow the movement as a whole. Addressing Petegorsky and Sabine, he situates Winstanley’s ideas within the economic decline of Surrey, highlighting the material conditions. Essentially, Gurney’s work is the first to portray the Diggers as a community worth recovering, rather than just a textual or ideological icon. It remains the key social history of the movement because no later research has matched its archival rigour or methodological precision.
Who Were the Diggers? A Movement of Precarity
Gurney’s significant contribution lies in his prosopographical reconstruction of the Digger community. Utilising manorial records, parish registers, court rolls, and local administrative documents, he accurately details the social makeup of the movement. This depiction contradicts the romantic notion of the Diggers as entirely destitute. In fact, their social backgrounds were diverse; some were poor, while others enjoyed modest security. Their commonality was not absolute poverty but precarity—their insecure standing within a land system that was increasingly constricting those lacking strong customary rights.
This is politically significant because it indicates that the Diggers were not merely the rural poor suddenly rising against oppression. Instead, they were a coalition of individuals whose economic situations made them vulnerable to being expelled from the local economy entirely. Their radicalism stemmed from a tangible fight over land, rights, and survival, rather than from abstract ideology. Gurney’s Diggers are recognisable historical figures: neighbours, tenants, labourers, smallholders, men and women facing a world in crisis. They are not the simplified symbols of utopian idealism that some narratives portray.
Winstanley Recontextualised: Ideas in Motion
Gurney does not belittle Winstanley. Instead, he dedicates two detailed chapters to re-examining his intellectual growth. However, Gurney rejects the idea of Winstanley as a lone genius working in isolation. Rather, Winstanley is portrayed as a thinker deeply involved in local polemics. His early works — including The New-Yeers Gift — are seen as responses to a specific debate within Cobham, mainly the parish minister’s attempt to portray the Diggers as heretical. Gurney highlights influences from Winstanley’s contemporaries like Anthony Ascham and Laurence Clarkson, demonstrating how his ideas developed through engagement, conflict, and reaction.
Most importantly, Gurney emphasises that Winstanley’s ideas for communal farming, outlined in The New Law of Righteousness, must be seen in the context of the severe social and economic crisis in Surrey. Winstanley’s radical vision was driven by real issues like a failing local economy, increasing food costs, and widespread enclosure, rather than mere theory. Although Winstanley remains a key figure, he is now portrayed as actively engaged within the societal struggles, no longer detached or idealised, but embedded in the reality around him.
The Weight of Evidence: A Demanding but Indispensable Book
Brave Community is a challenging read. Gurney’s archival approach is thorough and often overwhelming. A single early chapter includes 177 footnotes spanning twenty pages. The narrative frequently pauses for detailed discussions about manorial customs, land tenure, and local administrative practices. However, this density is intentional and essential to the book’s success. Gurney doesn’t just argue the materialist perspective; he proves it through meticulous documentary evidence, illustrating how the Digger movement arose from specific social conditions and how those conditions influenced its development. For readers used to more literary or ideological views of the Diggers, this book may seem dense. But for historians—and anyone interested in understanding radical movements as rooted in real social relations—it is an invaluable resource.
Gurney’s approach aligns with a longstanding tradition of scholarship on English Revolution radicalism but introduces a key shift. While Sabine and Petegorsky focused on Winstanley’s political ideas, and Hill situated him within a broader plebeian radical culture, Gurney emphasises the importance of local social history. His view sees the Diggers not as mere symbols of upheaval but as active participants in a society already under immense strain.
This approach positions Gurney alongside historians like Andy Wood, Keith Wrightson, and Steve Hindle, who focus on detailed reconstructions of early modern social relations. It also echoes Marxist historiography’s view that ideas stem from material conditions rather than vice versa. Almost twenty years after its release, Brave Community remains the most comprehensive social history of the Digger movement, with no later work surpassing it. It is regarded as the definitive portrayal of the Diggers as a community, not merely a legend.
Conclusion: The Diggers Recovered
John Gurney’s Brave Community effectively addresses gaps left by Winstanley-centric narratives. It reintroduces the Diggers into history—placing them within the context of the parish, manor, court records, contested commons, and fragile households. The book illustrates how the movement arose from specific conditions, influenced by tangible material pressures, and comprised real individuals whose motivations can be discerned through careful archival research. For students of the English Revolution, scholars of radical activism, and anyone interested in a materialist perspective on political change, Brave Community remains a crucial and unparalleled resource: detailed, challenging, and authoritative in its field.
Sources and Bibliography
Primary Sources
- Winstanley, Gerrard. The Works of Gerrard Winstanley. Edited by George H. Sabine. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1941.
- Winstanley, Gerrard. Gerrard Winstanley: Selected Writings. Edited by Andrew Hopton. London: Aporia Press, 1989.
- Surrey Manorial Records (Cobham, Walton-on-Thames, and surrounding parishes). Surrey History Centre, Woking.
- Parish Registers of Cobham and Walton-on-Thames, 16th–17th centuries. Surrey History Centre.
- Court Rolls of the Manor of Cobham, 1620–1650. Surrey History Centre.
- Commonwealth State Papers, 1649–1651. The National Archives, Kew.
Secondary Sources: Major Works on Winstanley and the Diggers
- Gurney, John. Brave Community: The Digger Movement in the English Revolution. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.
- Hill, Christopher. The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution. London: Penguin, 1972.
- Hessayon, Jonathan. Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers, 1649–1999. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009.
- Petegorsky, David. Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War: Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers, 1649–1650. London: Victor Gollancz, 1940.
- Sabine, George H. “Introduction.” In The Works of Gerrard Winstanley. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1941.
Secondary Sources: Social History of Radicalism and Early Modern England
- Reay, Barry. The Quakers and the English Revolution. London: Temple Smith, 1985.
- Reay, Barry. “Radical Religion in the English Revolution.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 31 (1980): 345–367.
- Wood, Andy. The Politics of Social Conflict: The Peak Country, 1520–1770. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Wood, Andy. The Memory of the People: Custom and Popular Senses of the Past in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Wrightson, Keith. Earthly Necessities: Economic Lives in Early Modern Britain. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
- Hindle, Steve. The State and Social Change in Early Modern England, c.1550–1640. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
- Underdown, David. Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
- Manning, Brian. The English People and the English Revolution. London: Bookmarks, 1991.
- Manning, Brian. Religion and Society in England, 1649–1660. London: Heinemann, 1974.
Secondary Sources: Radicalism, Millenarianism, and Popular Politics
- Hill, Christopher. The Experience of Defeat: Milton and Some Contemporaries. London: Penguin, 1984.
- Hill, Christopher. Milton and the English Revolution. London: Faber & Faber, 1977.
- Capp, Bernard. The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism. London: Faber & Faber, 1972.
- Walsham, Alexandra. Providence in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Aylmer, Gerald. The Levellers in the English Revolution. London: Thames & Hudson, 1975.
Secondary Sources: Land, Custom, and Common Rights
- Neeson, J.M. Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England, 1700–1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Thompson, E.P. “Custom, Law and Common Right.” In Customs in Common. London: Merlin Press, 1991.
- Sharpe, J.A. Early Modern England: A Social History, 1550–1760. London: Arnold, 1987.
Useful Reference Works
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entries on Gerrard Winstanley, William Everard, and other Digger figures.
- The National Archives, State Papers Domestic, Commonwealth period.
- Surrey History Centre, manorial and parish collections.
A Trumpet of Sedition 